Some have left traces in the landscape that we can see even though more than 800 years have passed.” “These sieges often resembled a prolonged standoff between the two sides, rather than close combat. “Most people would think of ‘medieval warfare’ in terms of large-scale pitched battles, but our study shows the conflict was instead characterised by devastation of the landscape and by siege warfare,” said Professor Oliver Creighton, of Exeter University, leader of the research project.